Learn English_Parts of Speech

Noun

      Noun is a word which names a person, a place or a thing.

For example  chair, table, book, New York, computer, cup, boy, John, hospital, Newton,  garden, room, man, Paris, doctor, and pen are nouns because each of these words is a name of a person, a place or a thing.

Examples.

Chair, table, book, cup, computer, picture,  (names of things)
New York, Paris, Canada, Toronto, school, hospital, cinema, garden, (names of places)
John, Newton, R.H Stephen, Einstein, man, boy, doctor (names of persons)

 

Types of Noun

There are two main types of noun.

• • Common Noun
• • Proper Noun

Common Noun.
  Name of a common or a non-specific thing, place, or person is called common noun.

Common noun refers to a non-specific or non-particular thing, place or person.
For example book, pen, room, garden man, girl, road, camera, month, day, chair, school, boy, car, are common nouns because each of these nouns refers to a common thing, place or person.

Proper Noun.
 Name of a particular or a specific thing, place or person is called proper Noun.

For example BMW Car, April, Monday, Oxford University, New York, America, John, Newton, Einstein, R.H Stephen, are proper nouns because each of these nouns refers to a particular thing, place or person.

If a common noun is specified it becomes a proper noun. For example day is a common noun but if it is specified like Monday or Friday, it becomes proper noun. Similarly car is a common noun but if it is specified like BMW Car, it becomes proper noun.

Use of CAPITAL LETTER for proper noun.       

       
The first letter of proper noun is always written in capital letter.

Examples.
         He lives in Paris.
         She studies in Oxford University.
         Author of this book is John Stephen.
         Laws of motion were presented by Newton
         The richest person of the world is Bill Gates.

Use of “THE” for proper noun. 

1. The article “the” is used before some proper nouns. Here are some rules for the use of article “the” before proper nouns.
2. Article “the” is not used before the name of countries, cities, for example New York, Mexico, Canada, Toronto, London, Paris, America. But if the name of country or city or place expresses group of places or lands or states, then article “the” will be used before it. For example, the Philippines, the Netherlands, the United States
3. Article “the” is not used before the name of universities, for example Oxford University, Yale University, or Columbia University. But if the name of university is written in a order that it includes the word “of” then article “the” will be used before it, for example, the University of British Colombia, the university of Oxford, the University of Toronto.
4. Article “the” is used before names composed of both common noun and proper noun, for example the New York city, the Dominion of Canada, the River Nile
5. “The” is used before the names of laws, principles, theories or devices, for example, the Pythagorean Theorem, the Fahrenheit Scale, the Law of Newton, the Allais effect. But if the proper noun is used in possessive form, no article will be used, for example Newton’s Laws of Motion, Hooke’s Law of Elasticity, Dalton’s Law of Partial Pressures.
6. “The” used by the name of ocean, sea, river, dessert or forest (except lakes and fall) for example the Pacific Ocean, the Mediterranean Sea, the Sahara, the Black Forests.
7. “The” is used before the names of buildings, hotels, libraries having particular names, for example the Brunel Hotel, the Lahore Museum, the Library of Congress,
8. “The” is used before the name of a geographical region and points on globe, for example the Middle East, the West, the Equator, the North Pole
9. “The” is usually used before the names of organizations for example, the Association of Chartered Accountants,  the World Health Organization,

Countable and Uncountable Nouns

Countable Nouns.
  A noun which can be counted is called countable noun.

For example, "book" is countable noun because we can count it and can say one book, two books, three books and so on. Pen, chair, cup, room, man, baby, bottle, dog, cat are examples countable nouns. A countable noun can be singular as well as plural. Article “a” or “an” is used before singular noun but not before plural noun. If a singular noun starts with consonant letter then “a” is used before it, i.e. a book, a cat, a pen. If a singular noun starts with............................

 

Countable and Uncountable Nouns

 

Countable Nouns.

A noun which can be counted is called countable noun.

Pen is countable noun because we can count it and can say one pen, two pens, three pens or more pens.  Pen, chair, cup, room, man, baby, bottle, dog, cat are examples countable nouns.

Singular and Plural noun (Countable Noun)

 A countable noun can be singular as well as plural. Article “a” or “an” is used before singular noun but not before plural noun.

If a singular noun starts with consonant letter then “a” is used before it, i.e. a book, a cat, a pen. If a singular noun starts with a vowel letter or with consonant which sounds like vowel in that word, “an” is used before it i.e. an apple, an umbrella, an onion, an hour.

Plural noun (Countable Noun)
Plural noun means more than one person, place or thing. Word “chair” is a singular noun but word “chairs” is plural noun.

1.  Plurals are usually formed by adding –s or –es to singular noun for examplebook–books, cat–cats, box–boxes, tax–taxes. If a word ends with “y”, the “y” is changed to “I” then –es is added to make it plural, for example, baby–babies, lady–ladies. There may be some exceptions.
2. Some plural are formed in different ways for example, man–men, child–children, leaf–leaves, wife–wives, foot–feet, toot–teeth, datum–data, basis–bases.  Such plurals are called irregular plural forms.
3. Some nouns have same plural and singular form, for example, sheep–sheep, deer–deer, swine–swine.  

Uncountable Nouns.

Uncountable noun refers to substances which cannot be counted.

For example, water is an uncountable noun because we cannot count it. We cannot say, one water or two water.  Such substances which cannot be counted in terms of numbers are called uncountable noun.
Examples: Water, milk, bread, honey, rain, furniture, news, information, pleasure, honesty, courage, weather, music, preparation, warmth, wheat are examples of uncountable nouns.

Use of Uncountable Nouns.

Uncountable nouns are usually treated as singular noun for auxiliary verbs in sentence but articles “a or an” are usually not used before uncountable nouns.

Examples.
       Water maintains its level.
       Necessity is the mother of invention
       His preparation was not good.
       The Weather is very pleasant today.
       This information is very helpful in solving the problem.
       The warmth of sun causes evaporation of water.

Uncountable nouns may be used as countable noun when it refers to an individual thing. For example life is uncountable noun but it be used as countable noun if refers to individual, lives.
Example.
It was feared that two lives had been lost.

We can also use word like “some, any, no, little, more etc” before uncountable nouns if needed in sentence.
Examples.
         They have no information about the accused. 
         There is little milk in the glass.

Changing Uncountable nouns into countable nouns.

       We can change uncountable noun into countable noun if we specify a unit or measuring standard for it. For example “water” is an uncountable noun but we can make it countable by saying one glass of water or two glass of water etc. In this example we selected a unit that is glass. We can also say one litre of water or one cup of water etc. By selecting such units or measuring standards we can change uncountable noun in to countable which can be counted in terms of numbers.
Examples.
    Uncountable – countable 
       Bread – a piece of bread.
       Wheat – a grain of wheat.
       Milk – a glass of milk
       Information – a piece of information

 

Verb

     Verb is a word which shows action or state of something.

Examples. Write, run, eat, drink, catch, clean, speak, laugh, weep, are some verbs

        He is writing a letter.

    In the above example, the verb “write” tells us about the action (writing) of the subject (he). A verb has its subject in sentence and verb tells us what its subject does, did or will do.

Verbs describe action or state. Most verbs describe action, such verbs are called “dynamic verb”, for example write, eat, run, speak. Some verbs describe state of something, such verbs are called “stative verb” and are not usually used in continuous tense for example be, impress, please, surprise, belong to, consist of, resemble, seem

Examples.
            He works in a factory(action)
            I boughta computer. (action)
            John seems happy. (state)
            He resembles his brother (state)

Some verbs can be used as dynamic verb as well as stative verb.
Example.
           She looks very beautiful. (look as stative verb)
           She looked at black board. (look as dynamic verb)

                    Forms of verb according to tense or time of action.

Verb has three forms according to tense.

• Base form           2. Past Simple    4. Past participle

For example, go—went—gone. “Go” is base form, “went” is past simple form, and “gone” is past participle form. These three form may also be named as 1st form, 2nd form and 3rd form of verb, which are denoted by V1, V2 and V3 respectively. “ing” is added to base form verb to make present participle which can be used with auxiliary verb “to be” in continuous tense, for example, go—going, eat—eating, laugh—laughing.

                      Formation of past simple and past participle

On the basis formation of past simple and past participle, verb is divided into

• •Regular verbs
• •Irregular verbs

 

Regular Verbs.

Some verbs form their past simple and past participle form by adding “-ed” to their base form, such verbs are called regular verbs, for example laugh—laughed—laughed, look—looked—looked.
Some examples

Verb	Base form or V1	Past simple or V2	Past participle or V3	Present participle
To advise	advise	advised	advised	Advising
To allow	allow	allowed	allowed	Allowing
To enjoy	enjoy	enjoyed	enjoyed	Enjoying
To rain	rain	rained	rained	Raining
To smile	smile	smiled	smiled	Smiling

 

Irregular Verbs.

Some verbs form their past simple and participle in different ways for example, buy—bought—bought, eat—ate—eaten, such verbs are called irregular verbs. 

Some examples

Verb	Base form or V1	Past simple or V2	Past participle or V3	Present participle
To know	know	knew	known	Knowing
To go	go	went	gone	Going
To drink	drink	drank	drunk	Drinking
To hold	hold	held	held	Holding
To write	wriite	wrote	written	Writing

Some verbs remain same in past simple and past participle.

Some example

Verb	Base form or V1	Past simple or V2	Past participle or V3	Present participle
To cut	cut	cut	cut	Cutting
To shut	shut	shut	shut	Shutting
To spread	spread	spread	spread	Spreading
To put	put	put	put	Putting
To read	read	read	read	reading

Main Verbs and Auxiliary or Helping verbs

A sentence can have both main verb and helping verb (auxiliary verb).

Main verb: A verb which has major meaning in terms of action are called main verb,i.e. write, buy, eat etc. 

Helping verb: A verb which supports the main verb to form the structure of sentence, according a specific tense, is called helping verb or auxiliary verb, i.e. is, am, have, was, had, is, will etc.

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Main Verbs and Helping verbs (Axilliary)

A sentence can have both main verb and helping verb (auxiliary verb).

Main verb: A verb which has major meaning in terms of action are called main verb,i.e. write, buy, eat etc. 

Helping verb: A verb which supports the main verb to form the structure of sentence (according to a specific tense) and give us information about the time of action expressed by main verb, is called helping verb or auxiliary verb, i.e. is, am, have, was, had, is, will etc.

Main verb has real meaning and tells more about action while helping verb has no (or little) meaning if it is alone but it adds time information about action if used with main verb to specify the tense or time of the main verb. The examples below will help in better understanding.

   She is eating an apple. (“eat” is main verb while “is” is helping verb)
   She was eating an apple. (“eat” is main verb while “was” is helping verb)

The main verbs in these sentences “eat” convey the information about the action which is done on an apple, while the helping verbs in these sentences "is, and was" tells us the about the time of action by referring to specific tense. In first sentence with helping verb "is" action (eating an apple) is being done right now in the present time while in the second sentence with hepling verb "was" action (eating an apple) was being done in past.

It means the MAIN VERB CONVEYS the meaning of action with a little information about its time, but the HELPING VERB (also called auxilliary Verb) tell us more about the time of action. Helping verbs and main verbs together make a structure of sentence of a specific tense (action and its time)

Use of helping verbs.

There are three primary helping verbs, be, do, and have, which are majorly used in tenses.

• Be (am, is, are). Forms of “be” are used for continuous tenses.

Example. She is laughing. (Present Continuous tense)

• Have (have, has, had). Forms of “have” are used in perfect tense.

Example.
He has completed his work. (Present prefect tense)
He had bought a car. (Past perfect tense)

• Do(do, does, did). Forms of “do” are used in indefinite(simple) tenses i.e. present simple tense or past simple tense.

Example.
They do not play chess. (Present simple tense)
I did not see him. (Past simple)

Modal Verbs (Modal auxiliaries)

Modal verbs are used to express ideas such as ability, possibility, intention or necessity.
Examples.

• Can, could (ability)
• May might (possibility)
• Will, shall, would (intention)
• Should (necessity)
• Must (necessity)
• Ought to

Modal verbs can be used before main verb as helping verbs.
Examples
I can play violin.
It may rain today.
You must learn the test-taking strategies.
I will call you.

Transitive and intransitive verbs

Transitive Verbs.

A verb which needs to have object in sentence is called transitive verb.
Transitive verbs should have an object in sentence because without subject it does not covey complete meaning.
Example.
He bought  ______.

There should be some object in this sentence for verb “buy”. Without an object the verb “bought” does not give complete meaning. To make it more meaningful we use some object for verb “bought” i.e book or computer or car. 

He bought a book.
or
He bought a computer.
or
He bought a  computer.

More examples.
John is eating a mango.
He has completedhis work.
I caught a bird in bushes.
She wrote a story.

Intransitive sentence.

A verb which does not need to have object in sentence is called intransitive.
Intransitive verb can give complete meaning with an object in sentence for it.
Example.
He slept.
She is laughing.
It has rained.
He is running.
They arrived.

 

Adjective

Adjective is a word that modifies (gives more information about) a noun or pronoun.

For example, tall man, old house, red car. The words “tall, old, red” are adjectives which give more information about nouns “man, house, and car” in these examples.

More than one adjective can also be used for a single noun in sentence.
Examples. 
        The beautiful girl entered into the room.
        The tall, beautiful girl entered into the room.
        The tall, thin, beautiful girl entered into the room.
        The tall, thin, beautiful and intelligent girl entered into the room.

An adjective gives information about the colour, size, characteristic, quality, quantity or personal traits of a noun or pronoun.

Some examples.

• White, red, black, green, purple, yellow, orange, brown, and black are adjectives because they mention the colour of noun or pronoun.
• Beautiful, pretty, ugly, thin, slim, fat, tall, and short are adjectives and they describe physical characteristic of a noun or pronoun.
• Intelligent, brave, courageous, determined, exuberant and diligent are adjective and they describe the personal traits of a noun or pronoun.

Use of adjective in sentence.

Adjective is used in sentence at two places depending upon the structure of sentence.

• Before noun
• After some verbs (After stative verbs like seem, look, be (when used as stative verb), feel etc)

 

Use of adjective before noun (Examples)

      He ate a delicious mango.
      She bought a red car.
      A fat man was running in the street.
      I saw a cute baby.
      I don’t like hot tea.
      They live in a small home.
      Poor can’t afford expensive clothes.
      Severe headache and fever are symptoms of malaria.
      He is facing a difficult problem.

Use of adjective after verbs.
Adjectives may be used after stative verbs (i.e. seem, look, sound, taste, appear, feel, be). Adjective are used after such verbs which behaves like stative verbs.
For example, Iron is hot
“Hot” is adjective in the above sentence which comes after “is” and “is” behaves like a stative verb in this sentence. “Hot” after verb “is” but it tells us about the noun (subject) “iron”

Examples.Your problem seems difficult.
That book was good.
This pizza tastes delicious.
The story sounds interesting.
He is stupid.
The man became angry.
She looks attractive.

 

Degrees of Adjectives and their use.

There are three degrees of adjectives.

     1. Positive Adjective     2. Comparative Adjective         3. Superlative Adjective

 Some Examples:

Positive	Comparative	Superlative
Big	Bigger	Biggest
Great	Greater	Greatest
Short	Shorter	Shortest
Old	Older	Oldest
Large	Larger	Largest
Happy	Happier	Happiest
Lucky	Luckier	Luckiest
Heavy	Heavier	Heaviest
Beautiful	More beautiful	Most beautiful
Horrible	More horrible	Most horrible
Good	Better	Best
Bad	Worse	Worst
Little	Less	Least
Many	More	Most

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Use of comparative adjective.

Comparative adjectives are used to express characteristic of one thing in comparison to another thing (one thing). It makes comparison between two things(only two things not more than two).

Word “than” is mostly used after comparative adjective but sometimes other words “to” may be used after comparative adjective. See the following examples.

Examples.

           She is taller than Mary.
           A cup is smaller than a glass.
           He is junior to me.
           Chinese is more difficult than English.
           Paris is more beautiful than New York.

Use of Superlative adjective.

Comparative adjectives are used to express characteristic of one thing in comparison to other things (many things). It makes comparison among things more than two. Superlative is the highest degree of a thing in comparison to other things. A superlative adjective means that a object is surpassing all others (things in comparison) in quality or characteristic.   For example, John is the most intelligentstudent in his class. It means John is surpassing all other students in his class and no other student in his class is as intelligent as John.

Article “the” is used before superlative degree. “In” or “of” etc is used after the superlative and modifying noun in sentence.

Examples.

      Bills Gate is the richest person in world.
      Brunel is the most beautiful hotel in England.
      Mount Everest is the highest mountain in world.
      She is the tallest girl in class.
      Our generation is the most modern.
      His house is the biggest in the street.
      The winter is the coldest time of year.

Adverb

Adverb is a word which modifies (gives more information about) a verb or adjective or other adverb.

For example,
    He replied.
    He replied quickly.

The word “quickly” is an adverb which gives more information about verb “reply” in the above example. The adverb “quickly” in above example tells us about the verb “reply” that the reply was given quickly or with no time delay.
Similarly an adverb may also modify adjective or other adverb or other part of speech except the noun.

Examples (adverbs modifying verbs).   
     He was driving carelessly.
     John can speak French fluently.
     They live happily.
     Marry is laughing loudly.
     He goes to school daily.
     We sometimes get confused.
     He met me yesterday.
     Guests will come here.

Examples (adverbs modifying adjectives).
Note:  The bold words (in following examples) are adverbs and the underlined words are adjectives.  

      It is a very difficult problem.
      He is seriously ill.
      This book is really nice.
      The story of “crazy man” was truly funny.
       You are too weak to walk.

Examples (adverbs modifying other adverbs).   
Note:  The bold word (in following examples) is an adverb and underlined word is the other adverb.  

     John drives very slowly.
     He was talking too much angrily.
     He ran fast enough to catch the bus.
     They live very happily.

Formation of adverb

1.  Most of adverbs are formed by adding “-ly” to adjectives. For example,happily, easily, quickly, angrily, correctly, fluently, proudly, loudly, rapidly, immediately etc

1.  A few adverbs exists without “-ly”. For example, fast, slow, deep, far, hard, high, wrong, right, low, well, tight, straight, there, here, close, late, very, too, not

Examples.

Adverbs of Manner	Adverbs of Place	Adverbs of Time	Adverbs of Frequency
Happily	Here	Now	Sometimes
Sadly	There	Then	Often
Easily	Near	Yesterday	Usually
Rudely	Somewhere	Today	Seldom
Loudly	Outside	Tomorrow	Frequently
Fluently	Inside	Late	Daily
Rapidly	Ahead	Early	Generally
Angrily	High	Again	Occasionally
Greedily	Top	Tonight	Again and again
Wildly	Bottom	Soon	Never

 

Types/Kinds of Adverb

Adverb modifies verb by giving us the following information.
How the action occurs
Where the action occurs
How many times action occur
At which time the action occurs
Intensity of action 

Adverbs are categorized on the basis of it information it gives, into the following categories.

1.  Adverbs of manner
2.  Adverb of place
3.  Adverb of time
4.  Adverb of frequency
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   Types of Adverb

   
   
   Adverb modifies verb by giving us the following information.
   
   
   1. How the action occurs
   2. Where the action occurs
   3. How many times action occur
   4. At which time the action occurs
   5. Intensity of action 
   
   
   Adverbs are categorized on the basis of it information it gives, into the following categories.
   1.  Adverbs of manner
   2.  Adverb of place
   3.  Adverb of time
   4.  Adverb of frequency

   Adverbs of Manner

   These adverbs tell us that in which manner the action occurs or how the action occurs or occurred or will occur.
   Examples.
         She speaks loudly.
         He was driving slowly.
         You replied correctly.
         He runs fast.
         They solved the problem easily.
         Listen to me carefully.

    

   Adverb of Place.

   Adverb of place tells us about the place of action or where action occurs/occurred/will occur.
   e.g. here, there, near, somewhere, outside, ahead, on the top, at some place.
   Examples.
          He will come here.
          The children are playing outside.
          He was standing near the wall.
          They were flying kites on the top of hill.
          He lives somewhere in New York.
          She went upstairs.

   Adverb of time

   These adverbs tell us about the time of action. e.g. now, then, soon, tomorrow, yesterday, today, tonight, again, early, yesterday.
   Examples.
           I will buy a computer tomorrow.
           The guest came yesterday.
           Do it now.
           She is still waiting for her brother.
           He got up early in the morning. 
   
   

   Adverb of frequency

   Adverbs of frequency tell us how many times the action occurs or occurred or will occur.
   e.g. daily, sometimes, often, seldom, usually, frequently, always, ever, generally, rarely, monthly, yearly.
   Examples.
           He goes to school daily.
           She never smokes.
           He is always late for class.
           They always come in time.
           Barking dogs seldom bite.
           The employees are paid monthly.
           The employees are paid every month.

 

Pronoun

Pronoun is a word that is used instead of a noun, e.g. he, she, it, they, his, her, him its etc.

Example.

John is an intelligent student. He goes to school daily. He studies a lot. He is making preparation for examination. He will get high marks examination.

In the above paragraph pronoun “he” is used instead of noun “John”. If we do not use pronoun in above paragraph we will have to use the noun “John” again and again in each sentence. So, the purpose of pronoun is to avoid the repetition of a noun. 

Examples. He, she, it, they, you, I, we, who, him, her, them, me, us, whom, his, its, their, your, mine, our and whose, myself, himself, herself , yourself,  which, this, that these, those,  are the pronouns which are mostly used.

Pronoun can be divided into following groups.

• Personal Pronouns:  e.g. I, you, He, she, it, they, who, me, him, her, them, whom
• Possessive Pronouns: e.g. yours, mine, his, hers, ours, theirs,
• Reflexive Pronouns: e.g. myself, himself, herself, itself, yourself, ourselves, themselves
• Reciprocal Pronoun: e.g. each other, one another
• Relative Pronouns: e.g. who, whom, whose, which, that
• Demonstrative Pronoun: e.g. this, these, that, those

 

                         Types of Pronoun

There five types of pronoun

1. Personal Pronoun
2. Possessive Pronoun
3. Reflixive Pronoun
4. Relative Pronoun
5. Demonstrative Pronoun

Personal Pronouns.

Personal pronoun describes a particular person or thing or group.

Personal pronoun describes the person speaking (I, me, we, us), the person spoken to (you), or the person or thing spoken about (he, she, it, they, him, her, them).

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Types of Pronoun

There five types of pronoun

      1. Personal Pronoun
      2. Possessive Pronoun
      3. Reflixive Pronoun
      4. Relative Pronoun
      5. Demonstrative Pronoun

Personal Pronouns

Personal pronoun describes a particular person or thing or group.

Personal pronoun describes the person speaking (I, me, we, us), the person spoken to (you), or the person or thing spoken about (he, she, it, they, him, her, them).

Example.
He helps poor.

The pronoun “he” in above sentence describes a person who helps poor.

Use of Personal Pronouns.

Namber

Person

Personal Pronoun

Subject

Object

Singular	1st Person	I	Me
	2nd Person	You	You
	3rd Person	He, She, It	Him, Her, It
Plural	1st Person	We	Us
	2nd Person	You	You
	3rd Person	They	Them

Examples.
         She is intelligent
         They are playing chess.
         He sent me a letter.
         It is raining.
         We love our country.
         The teacher appreciated them.
         I met him yesterday.
         He gave her a gift.
         Did you go to home?

Possessive Pronouns

Possessive Pronoun indicates close possession or ownership or relationship of a thing/person to another thing/person.
e.g. yours, mine, his,  hers, ours, theirs, hers,

Example.
This book is mine.

The pronoun “mine” describes the relationship between book and a person (me) who possesses this book or who is the owner of this book.

Namber

Person

Possessive Pronoun

Singular	1st Person	Mine
	2nd Person	Yours
	3rd Person	Hers, his, its
Plural	1st Person	Ours
	2nd Person	Yours
	3rd Person	Theirs

Examples.
        That car is hers.
        Your book is old. Mine is new.
        The pen on the table is mine.
        The smallest cup is yours.
        The voice is hers.
        The car is ours not theirs.
        I have lost my camera. May I use yours?
        They received your letter. Did you received theirs.

Note: Possessive adjectives (my, her, your) may be confused with possessive pronouns. Possessive adjective modifies noun in terms of possession. Both possessive adjective and possessive show possession or ownership, but possessive adjective is used (with noun) to modify the noun while Possessive pronoun is used instead (in place of) a noun.

Examples.

This is my book. (Possessive adjective: “my” modifies the noun “book”)
This book is mine. (Possessive pronoun: “mine” is used instead of noun “to whom the book belongs”)

 

Reflexive Pronoun.

Reflexive pronoun describes noun when subject’s action affects the subject itself.
e.g himself, yourself, herself, ourselves, themselves, itself  are reflexive pronouns.

Reflexive pronouns always act as objects not subjects, and they require an interaction between the subject and an object.

Namber

Person

Subject

Reflive Pronoun

Singular	1st Person	I	Myself
	2nd Person	You	Yourself
	3rd Person	He, she, it	Himself, Herself, Itself
Plural	1st Person	We	Ourselves
	2nd Person	You	Yourselves
	3rd Person	They	Themselves

Examples.
        I looked at myself in the mirror.
        You should think about yourself.
        They prepared themselves for completion.
        She pleases herself by think that she will win the prize.
        He bought a car for himself.
        He locked himself in the room.
        He who loves only himself is a selfish.

Note: Reflexive noun can also be used to give more emphasis on subject or object. If a reflexive pronoun is used to give more emphasis on a subject or an object, it is called “Intensive Pronoun”. Usage and function of intensive pronoun are different from that of reflexive pronoun.

For example, she herself started to think about herself.

In the above sentence the first “herself” is used as intensive pronoun while the second “herself” is used as reflexive pronoun.
See the following examples of intensive pronouns.

Examples. (Intensive Pronouns)
I did it myself. OR. I myself did it.
She herself washed the clothes.
He himself decided to go to New York.
She herself told me.

                                               Reciprocal Pronouns.
Reciprocal Pronouns are used when each of two or more subjects reciprocate to the other.
or
Reciprocal pronouns are used when two subjects act in same way towards each other, or, more subjects act in same way to one another.

For example,  A loves B and B love A. we can say that A and B loves each other.

There are two reciprocal pronouns

• Each other
• One another.

Examples.
        John and Marry are talking to each other.
        The students gave cards to one another.
        The people helped one another in hospital.
        Two boys were pushing each other.
        The car and the bus collided with each other.
        The students in the class greeted one another.

Relative Pronouns.

Relative Pronoun describes a noun which is mentioned before and more information is to be given about it.
Or
Relative pronoun is a pronoun which joins relative clauses and relative sentences.

For example, It is the person, who helped her.
In this sentence the word “who” is a relative pronoun which refers to the noun (the person) which is already mentioned in beginning of sentence (It is the person) and more information (he helped her) is given after using a relative pronoun (who) for the noun (the person).
Similarly, in above sentence the pronoun “who” joins two clauses which are “it is the person” and “who helped her”.   

Examples. The most commonly used five relative pronouns are, who, whom, whose, which, that.
“Who” is for subject and “whom” is used for object. “who” and “whom” are used for people. “Whose” is used to show possession and can be used for both people and things. “Which” is used for things. “That” is used for people and things.

Examples.
        It is the girl who got first position in class.
        Adjective is a word that modifies noun.
        The man whom I met yesterday is a nice person.
        It is the planning that makes succeed.
        The boy who is laughing is my friend.
        It is the boy whose father is doctor.
        The car which I like is red.

Demonstrative Pronouns.

Demonstrative pronoun is a pronoun that points to a thing or things.
e.g. this, that, these, those, none, neither

These pronouns point to thing or things in short distance/time or long distance/time.

Short distance or time: This, these. 
Long distance or time: That, those.

Demonstrative pronouns “this and that” are used for singular thing while “these or those” are used for plural things.

Examples
          This is black.
          That is heavy.
          Can you see these?
          Do you like this?
          John brought these.
          Those look attractive.
          Have you tried this.

 

Preposition

Preposition is a word that shows relation between noun or pronoun and the other words in sentence.

e.g. in, on, at, to, with, under, above, into, by, of etc

Preposition is always used before a noun or pronoun and shows the relation of the noun or pronoun to the other words in sentence. The following examples will help in better understanding.

Example.

Subject + Verb	Preposition	Noun
The cat was sleeping	on	table
He lives	in	Paris
She looked	at	Stranger.
He will come	in	January.
Wedding ceremony will be held	on	20th December.
I was waiting	for	you
Someone is knocking	at	The door.
She came	by	bus.

Prepositions show many relations (for different nouns) in sentence. On the basis of relation they show, preposition may be divided into following categories.

• Preposition for time e.g. in, on, at, etc.
• Preposition for place e.g. in, on, at, etc
• Preposition for direction e.g. to, towards, into, through etc.
• Preposition for agent e.g. by
• Preposition for device, instrument or machines. e.g. on, by, with, etc.
• Prepositions used after verbs to make prepositional verb. e.g. look at, look after, laugh at

 

Types of Preposition

The types of preposition are as follows:

1. Preposition for Time
2. Preposition for Place
3. Preposition for Direction
4. Preposition for Agent
5. Preposition for Instrument
6. Prepositional Phrase

Conjunction

Conjunction is a word that connects words, phrases, clauses or sentences. e.g.  and, but, or, nor, for, yet, so, although, because, since, unless, when, while, where are some conjunctions.

Examples.

     She tried but did not succeed.
     He does not go to school because he is ill.
     John and Marry went to the cinema.
     He thought for a moment and kicked the ball.
     I waited for him but he didn’t come.
     You will be ill unless you quit smoking.
     We didn’t go to the market because it was raining outside.

Single word Conjunction: Conjunction having one word 
          e.g. and, but, yet, because etc.

Compound Conjunction: Conjunction having two or more words
       e.g. as long as, as far as, as well as, in order that, even if, so that etc

Types of Conjunction.

There are three types of conjunctions

• Coordinating Conjunction
• Subordinate Conjunction
• Correlative Conjunction

Coordinating Conjunction.

Coordinating conjunction (called coordinators) joins words, phrases (which are similar in importance and grammatical structure) or independent clauses.

Coordinating conjunctions are short words i.e. and, but, or, nor, for, so, yet.

Coordination conjunction joins two equal parts of a sentence,

• Word + word 
• Phrase + phrase
• Clause + clause 
• Independent clause + independent clause.
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